Table of Contents
1. How Are Korean Names Structured?
2. The Origins and Unique Features of Korean Surnames
3. The Cultural Meaning Behind Korean Given Names
4. How Honorifics and Social Hierarchy Affect Name Usage
5. Why Calling Someone by Name Can Be Rude in Korea
6. Name Etiquette in Korea: What Foreigners Should Know
7. Final Thoughts: A Korean Name Is a Reflection of Identity
1. How Are Korean Names Structured?
Unlike Western naming conventions where the given name comes first, Korean names follow the surname-first format.
For example, in the name Kim Minsoo, Kim is the family name (surname), and Minsoo is the given name.
This structure reflects the Confucian values deeply rooted in Korean culture, where the family and lineage take precedence over the individual.
The surname symbolizes one's family heritage, while the given name reflects personal identity.
2. The Origins and Unique Features of Korean Surnames
Historically, having a surname in Korea was a privilege reserved only for aristocrats and royalty.
During the Joseon Dynasty and earlier periods, commoners, slaves, and lower-class citizens were not allowed to use surnames unless they were granted one by the king for exceptional service—or in some cases, they purchased one using wealth.
Around 500 years ago, during the early Joseon period, less than 30% of the population had surnames.
This number gradually increased, reaching around 40% by the 19th century.
It wasn’t until after the abolition of slavery in the early 20th century that everyone in Korea could legally have a surname.
As a result, today’s most common Korean surnames—Kim (김), Lee (이), and Park (박)—account for approximately 45% of the total population.
These names were historically associated with noble families and royalty.
When commoners adopted surnames, many chose those of powerful clans, contributing to their high prevalence today.
Another distinctive feature of Korean surnames is the use of bon-gwan (본관), or clan origin, which refers to the geographic region where the family line began.
For example, two people with the surname Kim may belong to different clans such as Gimhae Kim or Andong Kim, depending on their ancestry.
3. The Cultural Meaning Behind Korean Given Names
Most Korean given names consist of two syllables, although one- or three-syllable names also exist.
Traditionally, these names were written in Chinese characters (Hanja), and each syllable carried a specific meaning.
However, in recent decades, many parents have shifted toward pure Korean names (names written in Hangul, not derived from Chinese characters).
Names like Haneul (sky), Dodam (peaceful), and Narae (wing) have become popular for their poetic meaning and simplicity.
These names reflect a growing appreciation for native Korean identity and linguistic beauty.
4. How Honorifics and Social Hierarchy Affect Name Usage
Korea is well-known for its strong emphasis on hierarchy, where age and social status greatly influence how people address one another.
Even a one-year age gap can change the way people speak to each other.
Honorifics and titles are essential in both social and professional contexts. Here are some basic rules:
Same age or younger: Add “-ah” or “-ya” to the given name (e.g., Minsoo-ah).
Older by a few years (close relationship): Use titles like hyung (older brother for males) or unnie/noona (older sister for females).
In the workplace or formal settings: Address by title and surname, such as Manager Kim (Kim Daerim-nim).
Significantly older: Avoid using the name altogether; instead, use respectful terms like sunbaenim, sajangnim (Owner), or seonsaengnim (teacher).
These honorifics aren't just formalities—they reflect the deep cultural value placed on respect, hierarchy, and relationships.
5. Why Calling Someone by Name Can Be Rude in Korea
In Western cultures, calling someone by their first name is often seen as friendly or informal.
However, in Korea, directly using someone’s name—especially if they’re older or in a higher position—can be seen as rude.
For instance, calling your boss Minsoo instead of Manager Kim would be considered disrespectful.
When unsure which honorific to use, it's best to ask the person politely what they prefer to be called.
For those about 10 years older, respectful terms like hyungnim or noonim are appropriate.
In professional settings, stick with job titles or use the general term -nim after their role (e.g., Kim Seonsaengnim, meaning "Mr./Ms. Kim the teacher").
Understanding this cultural nuance is crucial for foreigners hoping to build respectful relationships in Korea.
6. Name Etiquette in Korea: What Foreigners Should Know
If you're a non-Korean interacting with Koreans in social or business contexts, here's a quick guide to name-related etiquette:
Keep the Korean order of names (Surname first): Use Kim Minsoo, not Minsoo Kim.
Don’t address someone older or unfamiliar by their given name. Use honorifics instead.
In formal settings, add -nim or use job titles like Manager, Teacher, or CEO.
In emails or messages, avoid using the given name unless explicitly invited to do so.
If unsure, politely ask: “How should I address you?”
Being mindful of these customs will help you avoid unintentional disrespect and foster smoother communication.
7. Final Thoughts: A Korean Name Is a Reflection of Identity
Korean names are more than just identifiers—they’re deeply tied to personal identity, family history, and social values.
The way a person’s name is used or addressed speaks volumes about the relationship, the level of respect, and the cultural context.
From surnames that trace back to royal ancestry to given names filled with poetic meaning, and from honorifics that define respect to etiquette that shapes communication, Korean names are a window into the heart of Korean society.
If you're engaging with Korean people or culture, understanding the nuances of Korean name structure and etiquette is a valuable step toward building meaningful and respectful connections.